DAF
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a water treatment process applied to remove suspended matter such as oil or solids as well as algae. The removal is achieved by dissolving air in the water or wastewater under pressure and then releasing the air at atmospheric pressure in a flotation tank. The released air forms tiny bubbles which adhere to the suspended matter causing the suspended matter to float to the surface of the water where it will be removed by a skimming device.
Coagulation/Flocculation
Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of drinking water as well as wastewater treatment plants. Coagulation is often the first step in water treatment. During coagulation, chemicals with a positive charge are added to the water. The positive charge neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other dissolved particles in the water. When this occurs, the particles bind with the chemicals to form slightly larger particles. Common chemicals used in this step are aluminum or iron salts. Flocculation follows the coagulation step. Flocculation is the gentle mixing of the water and coagulant to form larger, heavier particles called flocs. Additional chemicals are often added in this step to increase the size and weight of the flocs.
Lime Softening
Lime softening is a water treatment process that involves the addition of lime (calcium hydroxide) to the water to reduce its hardness. By increasing the pH value of the water by adding of lime, calcium will be precipitated as calcium carbonate.
Filteration
Filtration is an important process stage when treating water or wastewater. Filtration is mostly applied after coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation. Different forms of filter devices can be used depending on the project specification. A media filter is commonly used for filtration. The medium forms a barrier to the passage of suspended solids and adsorbs some compounds contained in the water. Media filters can be operated by gravity or under pressure. Sand, anthracite, or combination of both are usually used as filtration media. Activated carbon is used as the adsorption medium.
Ultra Filteration
This technology uses a membrane barrier to remove particles ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 microns, including bacteria, viruses, and colloids, meeting increasingly stringent water quality standards around the world, and providing stable, reliable, and consistent water quality. There are now numerous applications where ultrafiltration can replace or effectively supplement media filtration.
- Pre-treatment in seawater desalination plants
- Treatment of wastewater
- Purification of surface water and groundwater to produce drinking water
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Desalination
This technology uses a reverse osmosis membrane to remove salts from the water. In this process, water is forced through a semi-permeable membrane, which allows the passage of water molecules while blocking salt and other contaminants
Reverse Osmosis membrane desalination has become a viable option for the development of new regional water supplies and is also widely accepted technology for industrial water purification.
Ion Exchange Purification
The ion exchange process using ion exchange resins is widely used in numerous industrial water applications.
The ion exchange process in water treatment either substituates specific ionic compounds from the water with other ions or removes all minerals dissolved in the water by exchanging them with hydrogen and hydroxy ions.
The most ion exchange application are water softening, dealkalization, demineralization and deionization.
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